Iji metasurfaces iji kwalite uru na ikewapụ antennas PCB wideband maka sistemụ nkwukọrịta 5G sub-6 GHz

Ọrụ a na-atụpụta kọmpat agbakwunyere multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) metasurface (MS) wideband antenna maka sistemụ nkwurịta okwu ikuku nke sub-6 GHz ọgbọ ise (5G). Ihe ọhụrụ pụtara ìhè nke usoro MIMO a na-atụ aro bụ bandwit na-arụ ọrụ obosara, uru dị elu, obere mkpochapụ ihe na-emekọrịta ihe, na ikewapụ nke ọma n'ime akụkụ MIMO. A na-agbaji ntụpọ nke antenna na diagonally, gbadaa n'akụkụ akụkụ, yana metasurfaces na-eji kwalite arụmọrụ antenna. Ihe nleba anya agbakwunyere otu antenna MS nwere obere akụkụ nke 0.58λ × 0.58λ × 0.02λ. Nsonaazụ ịme anwansị na nha na-egosi arụmọrụ obosara site na 3.11 GHz ruo 7.67 GHz, gụnyere uru kachasị elu enwetara nke 8 dBi. Emebere sistemu MIMO nke nwere ihe anọ ka antenna ọ bụla bụrụ nke ọ bụla na ibe ya ka ọ na-ejigide nha kọmpat yana arụmọrụ obosara site na 3.2 ruo 7.6 GHz. The chọrọ MIMO prototype ka emebere na rụrụ na Rogers RT5880 mkpụrụ na obere ọnwụ na miniaturized akụkụ nke 1.05? 1.05? 0.02?, A na-enyochakwa arụmọrụ ya site na iji mgbanaka mgbanaka mechiri emechi nwere mgbanaka 10 x 10. Ihe bụ isi bụ otu. Metasurface nke azụ azụ a tụrụ atụ na-ebelata radieshon azụ nke antenna ma na-emegharị oghere elektrọn, si otú ahụ kwalite bandwit, uru na ikewapụ akụkụ MIMO. E jiri ya tụnyere antennas MIMO dị ugbu a, eriri MIMO ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 4 a na-atụ aro na-enweta uru dị elu nke 8.3 dBi yana arụmọrụ n'ozuzu ya ruru 82% na band 5G sub-6 GHz ma nwee nkwekọrịta dị mma na nsonaazụ atụpụtara. Ọzọkwa, antenna MIMO mepere emepe na-egosipụta ọmarịcha arụmọrụ n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ njikọ envelopu (ECC) nke na-erughị 0.004, uru dị iche iche (DG) nke ihe dịka 10 dB (> 9.98 dB) na oke dị n'etiti akụrụngwa MIMO (> 15.5 dB). njirimara. Ya mere, antenna MIMO dabere na MS nke a tụrụ aro na-akwado na ọ dị maka netwọk nkwurịta okwu sub-6 GHz 5G.
Teknụzụ 5G bụ ọganihu dị egwu na nkwukọrịta ikuku nke ga-eme ka netwọọdụ dị ngwa na nchekwa dịkwuo mfe maka ijeri ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ, nye ahụmịhe onye ọrụ na latency "efu" (latency nke na-erughị 1 millisecond), ma webata teknụzụ ọhụrụ, gụnyere ngwá electronic. Nlekọta ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ ọgụgụ isi. , smart obodo, smart homes, virtual reality (VR), smart factory na Internet of Vehicles (IoV) na-agbanwe ndụ anyị, ọha mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ1,2,3. The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) na-ekewa 5G ụdịdị dị iche iche n'ime eriri ugboro anọ4. Ugboro ugboro n'okpuru 6 GHz nwere mmasị na ndị nchọpụta n'ihi na ọ na-enye ohere nkwurịta okwu ogologo oge na ọnụ ọgụgụ data dị elu5,6. Egosipụta oke nleba anya nke sub-6 GHz 5G maka nkwukọrịta 5G zuru ụwa ọnụ na eserese 1, na-egosi na mba niile na-atụle ụdịdị sub-6 GHz maka nkwukọrịta 5G7,8. Antennas bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke netwọkụ 5G ma ga-achọkwu ọdụ ọdụ na ọdụ ọdụ onye ọrụ.
Microstrip patch antennas nwere uru nke ịdị gịrịgịrị na nhazi dị larịị, mana enwere oke na bandwit na nweta9,10, nke mere na emela nyocha dị ukwuu iji bulie uru na bandwit nke antenna; N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji metasurfaces (MS) eme ihe na teknụzụ antenna, karịsịa iji meziwanye uru na mmepụta 11,12, Otú ọ dị, antennas ndị a bụ nanị otu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri; Nkà na ụzụ MIMO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nkwukọrịta ikuku n'ihi na ọ nwere ike iji ọtụtụ antennas n'otu oge na-ebufe data, si otú ahụ na-emeziwanye ọnụego data, arụmọrụ spectral, ikike ọwa, na ntụkwasị obi13,14,15. Antenna MIMO bụ ndị nwere ike ime maka ngwa 5G n'ihi na ha nwere ike ibunye ma nata data n'ọtụtụ ọwa na-achọghị ike ọzọ16,17. Mmetụta njikọta ọnụ n'etiti akụrụngwa MIMO dabere na ọnọdụ nke ihe MIMO na uru nke antenna MIMO, nke bụ nnukwu ihe ịma aka nye ndị nyocha. Ọnụọgụ 18, 19, na 20 na-egosi antennas MIMO dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na band 5G sub-6 GHz, ha niile na-egosipụta ịdị mma MIMO na arụmọrụ. Otú ọ dị, uru na bandwidth na-arụ ọrụ nke usoro ndị a na-atụ aro dị ala.
Metamaterials (MM) bụ ihe ọhụrụ na-adịghị adị na okike ma nwee ike ịchịkwa ebili mmiri electromagnetic, si otú ahụ na-eme ka arụmọrụ nke antennas21,22,23,24 dịkwuo mma. A na-eji MM ugbu a na teknụzụ antenna iji melite ụkpụrụ radieshon, bandwit, uru, na ikewapụ n'etiti ihe antenna na usoro nkwurịta okwu ikuku, dị ka a tụlere na 25, 26, 27, 28. Na 2029, usoro MIMO nke anọ nke dabeere na ya. metasurface, nke akụkụ antenna na-agbanye n'etiti metasurface na ala na-enweghị oghere ikuku, nke na-eme ka arụmọrụ MIMO dịkwuo mma. Otú ọ dị, nke a imewe nwere ibu ibu, obere ọrụ ugboro na mgbagwoju Ọdịdị. Agụnyere bandgap electromagnetic (EBG) na loop ala n'ime eriri MIMO obosara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 2 chọrọ iji kwalite mwepu nke akụrụngwa MIMO30. Eriri emebere nwere ezigbo arụmọrụ MIMO dị iche iche yana oke dị mma n'etiti antenna MIMO abụọ, mana iji naanị ihe MIMO abụọ, uru ahụ ga-adị ala. Na mgbakwunye, in31 tụpụtakwara ultra-wideband (UWB) ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri MIMO abụọ wee nyochaa arụmọrụ MIMO ya site na iji metamaterials. Agbanyeghi na antenna a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ UWB, uru ya dị ala yana ikewapụ n'etiti antenna abụọ adịghị mma. Ọrụ dị na 32 na-atụ aro usoro MIMO nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 2 nke na-eji ihe ntụgharị electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) mee ka uru ahụ dịkwuo elu. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro antenna emepụtara nwere uru dị elu yana ezigbo arụmọrụ MIMO dị iche iche, nnukwu nha ya na-eme ka o sie ike itinye na ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu ọgbọ na-esote. E mepụtara antenna brọdband ọzọ nke na-atụgharị uche na 33, ebe a na-ejikọta reflector n'okpuru antenna nwere nnukwu oghere 22 mm, na-egosipụta uru dị ala nke 4.87 dB. Akwụkwọ 34 na-echepụta antenna MIMO ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ maka ngwa mmWave, nke ejikọtara ya na oyi akwa MS iji melite ikewapụ na uru nke sistemụ MIMO. Otú ọ dị, antenna a na-enye ezigbo uru na ikewapụ ya, mana ọ nwere oke bandwit na arụ ọrụ adịghị mma n'ihi nnukwu oghere ikuku. N'otu aka ahụ, n'afọ 2015, e mepụtara antenna MIMO metasurface nke nwere ụzọ atọ, 4-port bowtie maka nkwukọrịta mmWave nwere uru kachasị nke 7.4 dBi. A na-eji B36 MS n'azụ antenna 5G na-abawanye uru antenna, ebe metasurface na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ngosi. Otú ọ dị, nhazi MS ahụ bụ asymmetric na nlebara anya dị ntakịrị na nhazi cell unit.
Dabere na nsonaazụ nyocha a dị n'elu, ọ nweghị nke antennas ndị dị n'elu nwere uru dị elu, ikewapụ dị mma, arụmọrụ MIMO na mkpuchi sara mbara. Ya mere, a ka nwere mkpa maka antenna MIMO metasurface nke nwere ike ikpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị spectrum 5G n'okpuru 6 GHz na uru dị elu na nkewa. N'ịtụle njedebe nke akwụkwọ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, a na-atụpụta usoro antenna MIMO nke nwere akụkụ anọ nwere uru dị elu na arụmọrụ dịgasị iche iche maka usoro nkwurịta okwu ikuku 6 GHz. Na mgbakwunye, antenna MIMO a tụrụ aro na-egosipụta oke oke n'etiti akụrụngwa MIMO, obere oghere mmewere, yana arụmọrụ radieshon dị elu. A na-agbaji patch antenna diagonally ma tinye ya n'elu metasurface nwere oghere ikuku 12mm, nke na-egosipụta azụ radieshon site na antenna ma na-eme ka uru antenna na-eduzi ya. Na mgbakwunye, a na-eji otu antenna a chọrọ iji mepụta antenna MIMO ihe anọ nwere arụmọrụ MIMO dị elu site n'itinye antenna ọ bụla n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ibe ya. Ejikọnyere antenna MIMO emepụtara n'elu ihe nhazi 10 × 10 MS nwere ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa iji melite arụmọrụ ikuku. Nhazi ahụ nwere oke ọrụ (3.08-7.75 GHz), uru dị elu nke 8.3 dBi na oke arụmọrụ zuru oke nke 82%, yana oke dịpụrụ adịpụ karịa -15.5 dB n'etiti akụrụngwa antenna MIMO. Emepụtara antenna MIMO nke MS emepụtara site na iji ngwugwu sọftụwia elektrọnịkị 3D CST Studio 2019 wee kwado ya site na nyocha nnwale.
Akụkụ a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ụkpụrụ ụlọ a chọrọ na usoro nhazi otu antenna. Na mgbakwunye, a na-atụle nsonaazụ simulated na hụrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu, gụnyere paramita ịgbasa, uru, na arụmọrụ zuru oke yana na enweghị metasurfaces. Emepụtara antenna prototype na mkpụrụ akụ dielectric dị ala nke Rogers 5880 nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1.575mm nwere ogologo dielectric nke 2.2. Iji mepụta ma megharịa atụmatụ ahụ, ejiri ngwugwu simulator electromagnetic CST studio 2019 mee ihe.
Onyonyo 2 na-egosi ihe owuwu na ihe nlere anya nke otu antenna otu ihe. Dị ka usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ dabara nke ọma37, antenna ahụ nwere ntụpọ nwere oghere na-enye nri kwụ ọtọ na ụgbọ elu ala ọla kọpa (dị ka akọwara na nzọụkwụ 1) ma na-emegharị ya na bandwidth dị warara dị warara na 10.8 GHz, dị ka egosiri na eserese 3b. A na-ekpebi nha mbụ nke radiator antenna site na mmekọrịta mgbakọ na mwepụ ndị a37:
Ebe \(P_{L}\) na \(P_{w}\) bụ ogologo na obosara nke patch ahụ, c na-anọchi anya ọsọ nke ìhè, \(\gamma_{r}\) bụ dielectric mgbe niile nke mkpụrụ. . , \(\gamma_{reff}\) na-anọchi anya uru dielectric dị irè nke ntụpọ radieshon, \ (\Delta L \) na-anọchite anya mgbanwe n'ogologo ntụpọ. Emebere ọdụ ụgbọ elu antenna na ọkwa nke abụọ, na-abawanye bandwidth impedance n'agbanyeghị bandwidth impedance dị ala nke 10 dB. Na ọkwa nke atọ, a na-ebugharị ọnọdụ onye na-enye nri n'aka nri, nke na-eme ka bandwidth impedance na impedance dakọtara nke antennae chọrọ38. N'oge a, antenna na-egosipụta ọmarịcha bandwidth na-arụ ọrụ nke 4 GHz ma kpuchie ụdịdị dị n'okpuru 6 GHz na 5G. Nke anọ na nke ikpeazụ na-agụnye etching square grooves na-abụghị akụkụ nke radieshon ntụpọ. Oghere a na-agbasawanye bandwidth 4.56 GHz nke ukwuu iji kpuchie ụdịdị sub-6 GHz 5G site na 3.11 GHz ruo 7.67 GHz, dị ka egosiri na eserese 3b. E gosipụtara echiche ihu ihu na ala nke atụmatụ a tụrụ aro na eserese 3a, na nhazi ikpeazụ kachasị mma achọrọ bụ ndị a: SL = 40 mm, Pw = 18 mm, PL = 18 mm, gL = 12 mm, fL = 11. mm, fW = 4 .7 mm, c1 = 2 mm, c2 = 9.65 mm, c3 = 1.65 mm.
(a) Nlele elu na azụ nke otu antenna emebere (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) S-parameter akụkụ.
Metasurface bụ okwu na-ezo aka n'usoro mkpụrụ ndụ nkeji oge nke dị n'ebe dị anya site na ibe ya. Metasurfaces bụ ụzọ dị irè iji kwalite arụmọrụ radieshon antenna, gụnyere bandwit, uru, na ikewapụ n'etiti ihe MIMO. N'ihi mmetụta nke mgbasa ebili mmiri dị n'elu, metasurfaces na-emepụta ụda ọzọ na-enye aka na arụmọrụ antenna ka mma39. Ọrụ a na-atụpụta otu epsilon-negative metamaterial (MM) na-arụ ọrụ na band 5G n'okpuru 6 GHz. Emepụtara MM nke nwere mpaghara elu nke 8mm × 8mm na obere ọnwụ Rogers 5880 nwere obere dielectric nke 2.2 na ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1.575mm. Ihe nkwekọ resonator MM kachasị mma nwere mgbanaka mgbawa okirikiri dị n'ime jikọtara ya na mgbanaka mgbanaka mpụta abụọ agbanwegharịrị, dịka egosiri na eserese 4a. Ọgụgụ 4a na-achịkọta paramita kachasị mma nke ikpeazụ nke ntọlite ​​MM a chọrọ. N'ikpeazụ, 40 × 40 mm na 80 × 80 mm metasurface Layers ewepụtara na-enweghị ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa yana jiri azụ ọla kọpa jiri 5 × 5 na 10 × 10 cell arrays, n'otu n'otu. Emebere usoro MM a tụrụ aro site na iji sọftụwia elektrọnịke 3D “CST studio suite 2019”. Egosiri ihe nlere nke MM array ahazi na nhazi nha (onye nyocha netwọkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ PNA na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri waveguide) na eserese 4b iji kwado nsonaazụ ịme anwansị CST site n'ịtụle nzaghachi n'ezie. Ntọala nha ahụ jiri ihe nyocha netwọkụ Agilent PNA yana njikọta yana ihe ngbanwe coaxial abụọ waveguide (A-INFOMW, nọmba akụkụ: 187WCAS) iji zipu ma nata akara. A na-etinye ihe ngosi 5 × 5 n'usoro n'etiti ihe nkwụnye ọkụ coaxial abụọ nke waveguide jikọtara site na eriri coaxial na onye nyocha netwọk ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ (Agilent PNA N5227A). A na-eji ngwa nzizi Agilent N4694-60001 iji mezie ihe nyocha netwọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-anya ụgbọ elu. Ihe simulated na CST hụrụ agbasasịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsị akwụkwọ nke ihe atụ MM array atụpụtara na-egosi na eserese 5a. Enwere ike ịhụ na nhazi MM a na-atụ aro na-emegharị na 5G ugboro nso n'okpuru 6 GHz. N'agbanyeghị obere ọdịiche dị na bandwit nke 10 dB, nsonaazụ simulated na nnwale yiri nke ahụ. Ugboro resonant, bandwit, na njupụta nke resonance hụrụ dịtụ iche na nke simulated, dị ka egosiri na eserese 5a. Ọdịiche ndị a dị n'etiti nsonaazụ a hụrụ na nke egosipụtara bụ n'ihi ezughị okè n'ichepụta, obere mwepu n'etiti prototype na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-efegharị efegharị, mmetụta njikọta n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-efegharị efegharị na ihe ndị dị n'usoro, na nnabata nha. Na mgbakwunye, n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke prototype emepụtara n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-efegharị efegharị na nhazi nnwale nwere ike bute ngbanwe resonance. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ahụ ụda na-achọghị n'oge nhazi nhazi, nke mere ka ndịiche dị n'etiti ọnụọgụgụ na ihe atụpụtara. Agbanyeghị, ewezuga ihe isi ike ndị a, ụdị ụdị MM a na-atụ aro na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti simulation na nnwale, na-eme ka ọ dabara nke ọma maka ngwa nkwurịta okwu ikuku 6 GHz 5G.
(a) Geometry cell nke otu (S1 = 8 mm, S2 = 7 mm, S3 = 5 mm, f1, f2, f4 = 0.5 mm, f3 = 0.75 mm, h1 = 0.5 mm, h2 = 1 .75 mm) (CST) STUDIO SUITE)) 2019) (b) Foto nke nhazi nha MM.
(a) Ntughari na nkwenye nke ntughari ihe ntughari nke ihe nlere metamaterial. (b) Mgbanwe dielectric na-adịgide adịgide nke cell unit MM.
A mụrụ ihe ndị dị mkpa dị mkpa dị ka dielectric na-adị irè mgbe niile, ike ndọta, na ndenye ntugharị site na iji usoro arụnyere arụnyere n'ime post-processing nke CST electromagnetic simulator iji nyochaa omume nke MM unit cell. A na-enweta usoro MM dị irè site na ihe ndị na-ekpochapụ ihe na-eji usoro nrụzigharị siri ike. Enwere ike iji nha nha nnyefe na ntụgharị echiche: (3) na (4) iji chọpụta ndenye ntugharị na mgbochi (lee 40).
A na-anọchi anya akụkụ ndị dị adị na nke a pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche nke onye ọrụ site na (.)' na (.)” n'otu n'otu, yana uru integer m kwekọrọ na ntuzi aka n'ezie. Dielectric na-adịgide adịgide na permeability na-ekpebi usoro \ (\varepsilon {} = {} n/z, \) na \ (\ mu = nz \), nke dabere na impedance na refractive index, n'otu n'otu. A na-egosi ngbanwe dielectric dị irè nke usoro MM na foto 5b. Na resonant ugboro ugboro, irè dielectric mgbe niile adịghị mma. Ọnụọgụ 6a,b na-egosi ụkpụrụ amịpụtara nke ịdị irè permeability (μ) yana ndetu refractive dị irè (n) nke cell unit a tụrụ aro. N'ụzọ doro anya, ihe ndị a na-ewepụta na-egosipụta ezigbo ụkpụrụ dị nso na efu, nke na-akwado epsilon-negative (ENG) nke usoro MM a tụrụ aro. Ọzọkwa, dị ka egosiri na eserese 6a, resonance na permeability dị nso na efu nwere njikọ siri ike na ugboro ugboro. The cell unit mepere emepe nwere ihe na-adịghị mma refractive index (Fig. 6b), nke pụtara na MM tụrụ aro nwere ike iji melite arụmọrụ antenna21,41.
Emepụtara ihe nleba anya nke otu antenna brọdband iji nwalee ihe atụ a chọrọ. Ọnụọgụ 7a,b na-egosi onyonyo nke atụpụtara otu antenna, akụkụ ya na nhazi nha dị nso (SATIMO). Iji meziwanye arụmọrụ antenna, a na-edobe metasurface mepere emepe n'ígwé n'okpuru antenna, dị ka egosiri na foto 8a, na elu h. Otu 40mm x 40mm metasurface okpukpu abụọ ka etinyere n'azụ otu antenna na etiti oge 12mm. Na mgbakwunye, a na-etinye metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ azụ n'akụkụ azụ nke otu antenna n'ebe dị anya nke 12 mm. Mgbe etinyere metasurface, otu antenna na-egosi mmụba dị ịrịba ama na arụmọrụ, dị ka e gosiri na 1 na 2. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 8 na 9. Ihe osise 8b na-egosi atụmatụ ntụgharị uche nke simulated na tụọ maka otu antenna na-enweghị na na metasurfaces. Ọ dị mma ịmara na eriri mkpuchi nke antenna nwere metasurface yiri nke mkpuchi mkpuchi nke antenna na-enweghị metasurface. Ọnụọgụ 9a,b na-egosi ntụnyere nke uru otu antenna egosipụtara ma hụ na arụmọrụ zuru oke na-enweghị yana MS na ụdịdị arụ ọrụ. Enwere ike ịhụ na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere antenna na-abụghị metasurface, uru nke antenna metasurface na-abawanye nke ọma, na-abawanye site na 5.15 dBi ruo 8 dBi. Uru nke metasurface nke otu oyi akwa, metasurface okpukpu abụọ, na otu antenna nwere metasurface azụ ụgbọ elu mụbara site na 6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, na 8 dBi, n'otu n'otu. E jiri ya tụnyere metasurface ndị ọzọ (otu-oyi akwa na okpukpu abụọ MCs), uru nke otu antenna metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa ruru 8 dBi. N'okwu a, metasurface na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-atụgharị uche, na-ebelata radieshon azụ nke antenna ma na-emegharị ebili mmiri electromagnetic n'ime oge, si otú ahụ na-abawanye arụmọrụ radieshon nke antenna wee si otú a nweta uru. A na-egosi ọmụmụ ihe gbasara arụmọrụ otu antenna na-enweghị yana metasurface na eserese 9b. Ọ dị mma ịmara na arụmọrụ nke antenna nwere na enweghị metasurface fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu. N'ebe dị ala, arụmọrụ antenna na-ebelata ntakịrị. Nnwale na uru nke simulated na usoro arụmọrụ dị na nkwekọrịta dị mma. Agbanyeghị, enwere ntakịrị ọdịiche dị n'etiti nsonaazụ emepụtara na nwalere n'ihi ntụpọ nrụpụta, nnabata nha, mfu njikọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri SMA, na ọnwụ waya. Na mgbakwunye, antenna na MS reflector dị n'etiti oghere naịlọn, nke bụ okwu ọzọ na-emetụta nsonaazụ a hụrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nsonaazụ simulation.
Ọgụgụ (a) na-egosi otu antenna emechara yana ihe ndị metụtara ya. (b) Ntọlite ​​nha n'akụkụ mpaghara (SATIMO).
(a) Mmasị nke antenna na-eji metasurface reflectors (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) Ngosipụta ihe atụpụtara na nnwale nke otu antenna na-enweghị yana MS.
nsonaazụ ịme anwansị na nha nke (a) uru enwetara yana (b) arụmọrụ n'ozuzu nke antenna mmetụta metasurface a chọrọ.
Nyocha ụkpụrụ beam site na iji MS. A na-eme nha otu antenna dị nso n'ọhịa na SATIMO Near-Field Experimental Environment nke UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory. Ọnụọgụ 10a, b na-egosi simulated na hụrụ E-ụgbọ elu na H-ụgbọ elu radieshon ụkpụrụ na 5.5 GHz maka otu mpio tụrụ aro na-enweghị MS. Otu antenna emepụtara (na-enweghị MS) na-enye ụkpụrụ radieshon bidirectional na-agbanwe agbanwe yana ụkpụrụ lobe akụkụ. Mgbe etinyere ihe ntụgharị MS chọrọ, antenna na-enye ụkpụrụ radieshon na-enweghị isi wee belata ọkwa nke lobes azụ, dịka egosiri na onyonyo 10a, b. Ọ dị mma ịmara na otu ụkpụrụ radieshon nke a na-atụ aro ka kwụsiri ike yana enweghị ntụzịaka nwere obere azụ na akụkụ lobes mgbe ị na-eji metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa. Ihe ngosi MM a na-atụ aro na-ebelata azụ na akụkụ lobes nke antenna ma na-emeziwanye arụmọrụ radieshon site na-eduzi ugbu a na ntụziaka unidirectional (Fig 10a, b), si otú ahụ na-abawanye uru na ntụziaka. Achọpụtara na usoro nnwale nke radieshon fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke simulations CST, mana ọ dịtụ iche n'ihi ngbanwe nke akụkụ dị iche iche agbakọtara, nnabata nha, na mfu cabling. Na mgbakwunye, etinyere oghere naịlọn n'etiti antenna na onye na-atụgharị uche MS, nke bụ okwu ọzọ na-emetụta nsonaazụ a hụrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nsonaazụ ọnụọgụ.
Ụdị radieshon nke otu antenna mepere emepe (na-enweghị MS yana ya na MS) n'ogo nke 5.5 GHz ka emere ma nwalee.
Egosiri geometry antenna MIMO atụpụtara na eserese 11 ma gụnye otu antenna anọ. A na-ahazi akụkụ anọ nke antenna MIMO n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ibe ha na mkpụrụ nke 80 × 80 × 1.575 mm, dị ka egosiri na foto 11. Anụmanụ MIMO a haziri nwere oghere dị n'etiti 22 mm, nke dị ntakịrị karịa. Ebe dị anya n'etiti ihe kwekọrọ nke antenna. E mepụtara antenna MIMO. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, akụkụ nke ala ala dị n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka otu antenna. Ụkpụrụ ngosipụta nke antennas MIMO (S11, S22, S33, na S44) nke egosiri na eserese 12a na-egosipụta otu omume ahụ dị ka antenna otu ihe na-emegharị na band 3.2-7.6 GHz. Ya mere, bandwit impedance nke antenna MIMO bụ kpọmkwem otu nke otu antenna. Mmetụta njikọ dị n'etiti akụkụ MIMO bụ isi ihe kpatara obere bandwidth mfu nke antennas MIMO. Ọgụgụ 12b na-egosi mmetụta nke njikọta na akụrụngwa MIMO, ebe a na-ekpebi ikewapụ kacha mma n'etiti akụrụngwa MIMO. Nkewa dị n'etiti antennas 1 na 2 bụ nke kachasị ala na ihe dịka -13.6 dB, na mwepu dị n'etiti antennas 1 na 4 bụ nke kachasị elu n'ihe dịka -30.4 dB. N'ihi obere nha ya na bandwit sara mbara, antenna MIMO a nwere uru dị ala na ntinye dị ala. Mkpuchi dị ala, ya mere a na-achọkwu nkwado na mkpuchi;
Usoro nhazi nke antenna MIMO a chọrọ (a) nlele elu na (b) ụgbọ elu ala. (CST Studio Suite 2019).
Nhazi geometric na usoro mkpali nke mpio MIMO metasurface a chọrọ ka egosiri na eserese 13a. A haziri matrix 10x10mm nke nwere akụkụ nke 80x80x1.575mm maka azụ azụ nke antenna MIMO dị elu 12mm, dị ka egosiri na eserese 13a. Na mgbakwunye, metasurfaces nwere ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọla kọpa ka e bu n'obi were na antennas MIMO iji kwalite arụmọrụ ha. Oghere dị n'etiti metasurface na antenna MIMO dị oke mkpa iji nweta uru dị elu ma na-enye ohere nnyonye anya na-ewuli elu n'etiti ebili mmiri nke antenna na ndị na-egosipụta site na metasurface. Emere ihe nlere anya dị ukwuu iji bulie ịdị elu dị n'etiti antenna na metasurface ka ọ na-edobe ụkpụrụ ebili mmiri nkeji iri na ise maka uru kachasị na ikewapụ n'etiti ihe MIMO. Ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na arụmọrụ antenna MIMO enwetara site na iji metasurfaces nwere azụ azụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere metasurfaces na-enweghị ụgbọ elu azụ ka a ga-egosipụta na isiakwụkwọ ndị na-esote.
(a) Nhazi simulation CST nke antenna MIMO a tụrụ aro iji MS (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019), (b) ntụgharị ntụgharị nke sistemụ MIMO mepere emepe na-enweghị MS yana MS.
E gosipụtara ngosipụta nke antennas MIMO nwere na enweghị metasurfaces na eserese 13b, ebe egosipụtara S11 na S44 n'ihi omume yiri nke antenna niile na sistemụ MIMO. Ọ dị mma ịmara na bandwit -10 dB impedance nke antenna MIMO na-enweghị yana otu metasurface fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu. N'ụzọ dị iche, bandwit impedance nke mpio MIMO chọrọ ka a na-emeziwanye ya site na MS na azụ azụ azụ. Ọ dị mma ịmara na na-enweghị MS, antenna MIMO na-enye obere bandwidth nke 81.5% (3.2-7.6 GHz) dabere na ugboro etiti. Ijikọ MS na ụgbọ elu azụ na-abawanye bandwidth impedance nke antenna MIMO a chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ 86.3% (3.08–7.75 GHz). Ọ bụ ezie na dual-layer MS na-abawanye mmepụta, mmelite ahụ erughị nke MS nwere ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa. Ọzọkwa, dual-layer MC na-abawanye nha nke antenna, na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa ya, ma na-amachi oke ya. Emebere antenna MIMO na metasurface reflector iji kwado nsonaazụ simulation ma nyochaa arụmọrụ ya n'ezie. Ọgụgụ 14a na-egosi oyi akwa MS arụpụtara na antenna MIMO nwere ihe dị iche iche gbakọtara, ebe eserese 14b na-egosi foto nke sistemụ MIMO mepere emepe. A na-atụkwasị antenna MIMO n'elu metasurface site na iji oghere nylon anọ, dịka egosiri na foto 14b. Ọgụgụ 15a na-egosi nseta foto nke nhazi nnwale dị nso nke sistemu antenna MIMO mepere emepe. A na-eji ihe nyocha netwọkụ PNA (Agilent Technologies PNA N5227A) iji tụọ usoro mgbasa ozi na iji nyochaa ma kọwaa njirimara ikuku dị nso na UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory.
(a) Foto nke nha SATIMO dị nso n'ọhịa (b) Usoro nyocha na nnwale nke antenna S11 MIMO nwere na enweghị MS.
Akụkụ a na-egosi ntụle ntụnyere nke simulated na hụkwara S-parameters nke antenna 5G MIMO chọrọ. Ọgụgụ 15b na-egosi atụmatụ ntule nnwale nke agbakwunyere 4-element MIMO MS ma jiri ya tụnyere nsonaazụ ịme anwansị CST. Achọpụtara nlegharị anya nnwale ndị ahụ dị ka ngụkọ CST, mana ọ dịtụ iche n'ihi ntụpọ nrụpụta na nnabata nnwale. Na mgbakwunye, nlegharị anya nke ụdị MIMO nke dabeere na MS a tụrụ aro na-ekpuchi ụdịdị 5G dị n'okpuru 6 GHz nwere bandwidth impedance nke 4.8 GHz, nke pụtara na ngwa 5G ga-ekwe omume. Agbanyeghị, ugboro resonant atụtara, bandwit, na njupụta dị iche na nsonaazụ ịme anwansị CST. Nrụpụta nrụpụta, mfu njikọ coax-to-SMA, na nhazi nha n'èzí nwere ike ime ka ndịiche dị n'etiti nsonaazụ atụpụtara na nke emepụtara. Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị adịghị ike ndị a, MIMO a tụrụ aro na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-enye nkwekọrịta siri ike n'etiti simulations na nha, na-eme ka ọ dabara nke ọma maka ngwa ikuku 6 GHz 5G.
Egosiri mkpụkọ uru nke antenna MIMO nke emere ma hụ na onyonyo 2 na 2. Dị ka egosiri na eserese 16a,b na 17a,b, n'otu n'otu, egosiri mmekorita nke akụrụngwa MIMO. Mgbe etinyere metasurfaces na antennas MIMO, a na-emeziwanye ikewapụ n'etiti antennas MIMO. Atụmatụ dịpụrụ adịpụ n'etiti ihe antenna dị n'akụkụ S12, S14, S23 na S34 na-egosi akụkụ ndị yiri ya, ebe antennas MIMO diagonal S13 na S42 na-egosi oke oke n'ihi oke dị n'etiti ha. E gosipụtara njirimara nnyefe egosipụtara nke antenna dị n'akụkụ na foto 16a. Ọ dị mma ịmara na n'ụdị ụdị ọrụ 5G dị n'okpuru 6 GHz, ikewapụ kacha nta nke antenna MIMO na-enweghị metasurface bụ -13.6 dB, yana maka metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ - 15.5 dB. Atụmatụ uru ahụ (Ọnyonyo 16a) na-egosi na metasurface azụ azụ na-eme ka ikewapụ n'etiti ihe antenna MIMO ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu metasurfaces otu na okpukpu abụọ. N'elu ihe antenna dị n'akụkụ, metasurfaces otu na nke okpukpu abụọ na-enye mwepu kacha nta nke ihe dịka -13.68 dB na -14.78 dB, na metasurface ọla kọpa na-enye ihe dịka -15.5 dB.
Usoro nkewapụrụ iche nke ihe MIMO na-enweghị oyi akwa MS yana akwa MS: (a) S12, S14, S34 na S32 na (b) S13 na S24.
Usoro uru nnwale nke antennas MIMO dabere na MS a tụrụ aro na-enweghị yana yana: (a) S12, S14, S34 na S32 na (b) S13 na S24.
Erite uru nke antenna diagonal MIMO tupu na mgbe agbakwunyere oyi akwa MS ka egosiri na eserese 16b. Ọ dị mma ịmara na mwepu kacha nta n'etiti antennas diagonal na-enweghị metasurface (antenas 1 na 3) bụ - 15.6 dB n'ofe ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche, na metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ bụ - 18 dB. Usoro metasurface na-ebelata nke ukwuu mmetụta njikọta n'etiti antennas MIMO diagonal. Ihe mkpuchi kachasị maka metasurface otu oyi akwa bụ -37 dB, ebe maka metasurface okpukpu abụọ, uru a na-agbada na -47 dB. Oke kachasị nke metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa bụ -36.2 dB, nke na-ebelata site na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ na-abawanye. N'iji ya tụnyere otu-na-oyi oyibo metasurfaces na-enweghị a backplane, metasurfaces nwere a backplane na-enye ikewapụ elu n'ofe dum ogologo oge ọrụ chọrọ, karịsịa na 5G nso n'okpuru 6 GHz, dị ka e gosiri na Figures 16a, b. N'ime band 5G kachasị ewu ewu na nke a na-ejikarị n'okpuru 6 GHz (3.5 GHz), metasurfaces otu na dual-layer nwere obere mwepu n'etiti ihe MIMO karịa metasurfaces nwere ọla kọpa backplanes (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ MS) (lee Figure 16a), b) . Egosiri nha uru ahụ na onyonyo 17a, b, na-egosi mwepu nke antenna dị n'akụkụ (S12, S14, S34 na S32) na antennas diagonal (S24 na S13), n'otu n'otu. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a (Fig 17a, b), nhụpụ nnwale dị n'etiti ihe MIMO kwadoro nke ọma na nkewapụta simulated. Agbanyeghị na enwere obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụkpụrụ CST emepụtara na atụpụtara n'ihi ntụpọ nrụpụta, njikọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri SMA na mfu waya. Na mgbakwunye, antenna na MS reflector dị n'etiti oghere naịlọn, nke bụ okwu ọzọ na-emetụta nsonaazụ a hụrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nsonaazụ simulation.
mụọ nkesa elu dị ugbu a na 5.5 GHz iji kọwaa ọrụ metasurfaces na mbenata njikọta ọnụ site na mbelata ebili mmiri dị elu42. E gosipụtara nkesa elu ugbu a nke antenna MIMO a tụrụ aro na eserese 18, ebe a na-ebugharị antenna 1 ma jiri ibu 50 ohm mechie antenna ndị ọzọ. Mgbe a na-enye antenna 1 ike, nnukwu mmiri na-ejikọta ọnụ ga-apụta na antenna dị n'akụkụ na 5.5 GHz na enweghị metasurface, dị ka egosiri na foto 18a. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, site na iji metasurfaces, dị ka egosiri na Fig. 18b-d, a na-emeziwanye ikewapụ n'etiti antennas dị n'akụkụ. Ekwesiri ighota na enwere ike ibelata mmetụta nke njikọta nke ubi dị n'akụkụ site n'ịgbasa njikọ dị ugbu a na mgbanaka dị n'akụkụ nke sel unit yana sel akụkụ MS dị n'akụkụ oyi akwa MS na ntụzịaka mgbochi. Ịbanye ugbu a site na antenna ekesa na nkeji MS bụ usoro dị mkpa maka imeziwanye ikewapụ n'etiti ihe MIMO. N'ihi ya, njikọ dị ugbu a n'etiti ihe ndị MIMO na-ebelata nke ukwuu, a na-emekwa ka ikewapụ ya dịkwuo mma. N'ihi na mpaghara njikọ ahụ na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmewere, metasurface ọla kọpa na-ekewapụ mgbakọ antenna MIMO nke ukwuu karịa otu metasurfaces otu na okpukpu abụọ (Onyonyo 18d). Ọzọkwa, antenna MIMO mepere emepe nwere mgbasa ozi dị ala na mgbasa akụkụ, na-emepụta usoro radieshon na-enweghị isi, si otú a na-abawanye uru nke antenna MIMO chọrọ.
Eserese dị ugbu a nke antenna MIMO chọrọ na 5.5 GHz (a) na-enweghị MC, (b) otu oyi akwa MC, (c) MC okpukpu abụọ, na (d) otu oyi akwa MC nwere azụ azụ ọla kọpa. (CST Studio Suite 2019).
N'ime ugboro ole a na-arụ ọrụ, eserese 19a na-egosi uru emepụtara na elele anya nke antenna MIMO emebere na-enweghị yana metasurfaces. Uru enwetara enwetara nke antenna MIMO na-enweghị metasurface bụ 5.4 dBi, dịka egosiri na eserese 19a. N'ihi mmetụta njikọta ọnụ n'etiti akụrụngwa MIMO, antenna MIMO a chọrọ na-enweta n'ezie 0.25 dBi uru dị elu karịa otu antenna. Mgbakwunye nke metasurfaces nwere ike inye nnukwu uru na ikewapụ n'etiti ihe MIMO. Ya mere, mpio MIMO metasurface nke a tụrụ aro nwere ike nweta uru enwetara dị elu ruru 8.3 dBi. Dịka egosiri na eserese 19a, mgbe ejiri otu metasurface na azụ nke antenna MIMO, uru ahụ na-abawanye site na 1.4 dBi. Mgbe metasurface agbagoro okpukpu abụọ, uru ahụ na-abawanye site na 2.1 dBi, dịka egosiri na eserese 19a. Otú ọ dị, a na-enweta uru kachasị elu nke 8.3 dBi mgbe ị na-eji metasurface na azụ azụ ọla kọpa. N'ụzọ doro anya, uru kachasị enwetara maka metasurface otu oyi akwa na okpukpu abụọ bụ 6.8 dBi na 7.5 dBi, n'otu n'otu, ebe uru kachasị enwetara maka metasurface nke ala bụ 8.3 dBi. Okpokoro metasurface dị n'akụkụ azụ nke antenna na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-atụgharị uche, na-egosipụta radieshon si n'akụkụ azụ nke antenna ma na-emeziwanye n'ihu na azụ (F/B) nke antenna MIMO emebere. Na mgbakwunye, onye na-atụgharị uche MS dị elu na-emegharị ebili mmiri elektrọnik n'ime oge, si otú a na-emepụta resonance ọzọ yana melite arụmọrụ radieshon nke antenna MIMO chọrọ. Ihe ntụgharị MS arụnyere n'azụ eriri MIMO nwere ike ịbawanye uru enwetara nke ukwuu, nke nsonaazụ nnwale gosipụtara. Uru ndị a na-ahụ anya na nke egosipụtara na prototype MIMO e mepụtara fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu, Otú ọ dị, n'oge ụfọdụ, uru a tụrụ atụ dị elu karịa uru nke simulated, karịsịa maka MIMO na-enweghị MS; Ọdịiche ndị a na uru nnwale bụ n'ihi nha nha nke paịlị naịlọn, mfu USB, na njikọta na sistemu antenna. Uru kachasị elu nke eriri MIMO na-enweghị metasurface bụ 5.8 dBi, ebe metasurface nwere ụgbọ azụ ọla kọpa bụ 8.5 dBi. Ọ dị mma ịmara na sistemụ antenna MIMO ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 4 zuru oke nke nwere MS reflector na-egosipụta uru dị elu n'okpuru ọnọdụ nnwale na ọnụọgụ.
Ntugharị na nsonaazụ nnwale nke (a) uru enwetara yana (b) arụmọrụ zuru oke nke antenna MIMO echere na ya nwere mmetụta metasurface.
Ọgụgụ 19b na-egosi n'ozuzu arụmọrụ nke usoro MIMO a tụrụ aro na-enweghị yana na-egosipụta metasurface. Na eserese 19b, arụmọrụ kacha dị ala iji MS nwere ụgbọ azụ karịrị 73% (gbadata ruo 84%). arụmọrụ zuru oke nke antennas MIMO mepere emepe na-enweghị MC yana ya na MC fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe na obere ọdịiche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụkpụrụ simulated. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ nnabata nha na ojiji nke oghere n'etiti antenna na ihe ntụgharị MS. Uru enwetara na arụmọrụ n'ozuzu ya n'ofe oge niile fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nsonaazụ simulation, na-egosi na arụmọrụ nke ụdị MIMO a tụrụ anya ka a tụrụ anya yana antenna MIMO dabere na MS dabara adaba maka nkwukọrịta 5G. N'ihi njehie na nyocha nnwale, ndịiche dị n'etiti nsonaazụ nyocha ụlọ nyocha na nsonaazụ simulations. Arụmọrụ nke prototype a na-atụ aro na-emetụta nhụsianya impedance dị n'etiti antenna na njikọ SMA, mfu coaxial cable splice mfu, mmetụta ire ere, yana ịdị nso nke ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị dị iche iche na nhazi nnwale.
Ọgụgụ 20 na-akọwa nhazi na nkwalite nkwalite nke antenna ahụ n'ụdị ihe osise ngọngọ. Eserese ngọngọ a na-enye nkọwa nzọụkwụ site na usoro ụkpụrụ nhazi antenna MIMO, yana paramita ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite antenna iji nweta uru dị elu achọrọ na ikewapụ elu n'ọtụtụ oge ọrụ.
A tụrụ nha antenna MIMO dị nso n'ọhịa na SATIMO Near-Field Experimental Environment na UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory. Ọnụọgụ 21a,b na-egosipụta usoro simulated na hụrụ E-plane na H-ụgbọ elu radieshon nke antenna MIMO na-enweghị MS n'oge ọrụ nke 5.5 GHz. N'ime oke ọrụ nke 5.5 GHz, antenna na-abụghị MS MIMO na-enye ụkpụrụ radieshon na-agbanwe agbanwe yana ụkpụrụ lobe akụkụ. Mgbe etinyechara ihe ngosi MS, antenna na-enye ụkpụrụ radieshon na-enweghị isi wee belata ọkwa nke lobes azụ, dị ka egosiri na onyonyo 21a, b. Ọ dị mma ịmara na site na iji metasurface nwere azụ azụ ọla kọpa, ụkpụrụ antenna MIMO a tụrụ aro ka kwụsiri ike na enweghị ntụzịaka karịa na-enweghị MS, yana lobes dị ala na azụ. Ihe ngosi MM nke a na-atụ aro na-ebelata azụ na akụkụ lobes nke antenna ma na-emeziwanye njirimara radieshon site na-eduzi ugbu a na ntụziaka unidirectional (Fig 21a, b), si otú ahụ na-abawanye uru na ntụziaka. E nwetara ụkpụrụ radieshon a tụrụ maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 1 nwere ibu 50 ohm jikọtara na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ. Achọpụtara na usoro nnwale nke radieshon fọrọ nke nta ka ọ yie nke CST mere, n'agbanyeghị na enwere mgbanwe ụfọdụ n'ihi ngbanwe akụrụngwa, ntụgharị sitere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na mfu na njikọ eriri. Na mgbakwunye, etinyere oghere naịlọn n'etiti antenna na onye na-atụgharị uche MS, nke bụ okwu ọzọ na-emetụta nsonaazụ achọpụtara ma e jiri ya tụnyere nsonaazụ amụma.
Ejiri ma nwalee ụkpụrụ radieshon nke antenna MIMO mepere emepe (na-enweghị MS yana ya na MS) n'ogo nke 5.5 GHz.
Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na ikewapụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na njirimara ndị metụtara ya dị mkpa mgbe ị na-enyocha arụmọrụ nke usoro MIMO. A na-enyocha arụmọrụ dị iche iche nke sistemu MIMO a chọrọ, gụnyere envelopu correlation coefficient (ECC) na uru dị iche iche (DG), iji gosipụta njiri ike nke sistemu antenna MIMO emebere. Enwere ike iji ECC na DG nke antenna MIMO nyochaa arụmọrụ ya n'ihi na ha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ nke usoro MIMO. Akụkụ ndị na-esonụ ga-akọwapụta atụmatụ ndị a nke antenna MIMO chọrọ.
Ọnụ ahịa mmekọ envelopu (ECC). Mgbe ị na-atụle usoro MIMO ọ bụla, ECC na-ekpebi ogo nke ihe ndị mejupụtara ya na-ejikọta ibe ha gbasara akụrụngwa ha. Ya mere, ECC na-egosipụta ogo nke ikewapụ ọwa na netwọk nkwurịta okwu ikuku. Enwere ike kpebisie ike ECC (envelopu correlation coefficient) nke sistemu MIMO mepere emepe dabere na S-parameters na ikuku ikuku. Site na Eq. (7) na (8) Enwere ike ikpebi ECC nke antenna MIMO 31 a chọrọ.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntụgharị uche bụ Sii na Sij na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụ nnyefe. A na-enye ụkpụrụ radieshon akụkụ atọ nke j-th na i-th site na okwu \ (\vec {R}_{j} \ ekpe ( {\theta , \ varphi} \ nri) \) na \( \vec {{R_{ i }}} akụkụ siri ike nke \ ekpe ( {\theta , \ varphi } \ aka nri) \) na \({\Omega }\) nọchiri anya ya. E gosipụtara usoro ECC nke antenna a tụrụ aro na eserese 22a na uru ya erughị 0.004, nke dị n'okpuru uru 0.5 nabatara maka sistemụ ikuku. Ya mere, uru ECC belatara pụtara na usoro MIMO ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 4 a tụrụ aro na-enye diversity dị elu43.
Gain Diversity (DG) DG bụ metrik arụmọrụ sistemụ MIMO ọzọ nke na-akọwa etu atụmatụ dị iche iche si emetụta ike ọkụ. Mmekọrịta (9) na-ekpebi DG nke sistemu antenna MIMO, dịka akọwara na 31.
Ọgụgụ 22b na-egosi eserese DG nke usoro MIMO chọrọ, ebe uru DG dị nso na 10 dB. Ụkpụrụ DG nke antennas niile nke sistemụ MIMO emebere gafere 9.98 dB.
Tebụl 1 tụlere mpi MIMO metasurface nke atụpụtara ya na sistemụ MIMO emepụtara na nso nso a. Ntụle ahụ na-eburu n'uche paramita arụmọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere bandwit, uru, ikewapụ kachasị, arụmọrụ n'ozuzu ya na arụmọrụ dị iche iche. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta egosila ụdị ụdị antenna MIMO dị iche iche nwere uru na usoro nkwalite dịpụrụ adịpụ na 5, 44, 45, 46, 47. E jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ ndị e bipụtara na mbụ, usoro MIMO a na-atụ aro ya na metasurface reflectors na-eme ka ha dịkwuo elu n'ihe gbasara bandwidth, uru na ikewapụ. Na mgbakwunye, atụnyere antenna ndị yiri ya, usoro MIMO mepere emepe na-egosipụta arụmọrụ dị iche iche dị elu yana arụmọrụ n'ozuzu ya na obere nha. Agbanyeghi na antennas akọwara na Nkebi 5.46 nwere ikewapụ dị elu karịa antenna anyị tụrụ aro, antennas ndị a na-ata ahụhụ site na nnukwu nha, uru dị ala, bandwidth dị warara, yana arụ ọrụ MIMO adịghị mma. Antenna MIMO ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 4 a tụrụ aro na 45 na-egosipụta uru na arụmọrụ dị elu, mana imewe ya nwere ikewapụ dị ala, oke buru ibu, yana arụ ọrụ dị iche iche adịghị mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, obere usoro antenna nke a na-atụ aro na 47 nwere uru dị ala na bandwit na-arụ ọrụ, ebe usoro MIMO nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 4 nke MS anyị tụrụ aro na-egosipụta obere nha, uru dị elu, ikewapụ dị elu na arụmọrụ ka mma MIMO. Ya mere, mpio MIMO metasurface nke a tụrụ aro nwere ike bụrụ nnukwu onye na-asọ mpi maka sistemụ nkwukọrịta sub-6 GHz 5G.
Antenna MIMO wideband metasurface reflector nke nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ nwere uru dị elu yana iche ka akwadoro iji kwado ngwa 5G n'okpuru 6 GHz. Ahịrị microstrip na-enye ngalaba na-egbuke egbuke square, nke a na-akpụ ya site na square na nkuku diagonal. A na-emejuputa MS na antenna emitter na ihe ndị yiri Rogers RT5880 iji nweta arụmọrụ dị mma na usoro nkwurịta okwu 5G dị elu. Antenna MIMO nwere oke oke na uru dị elu, ma na-enye ikewapụ ụda n'etiti akụrụngwa MIMO yana ezigbo arụmọrụ. Otu antenna mepere emepe nwere akụkụ pere mpe nke 0.58?0.58?0.02? na a 5 × 5 metasurface n'usoro, na-enye obosara 4.56 GHz arụ ọrụ bandwit, 8 dBi ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu uru na elu tụrụ arụmọrụ. Emebere antenna MIMO ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ a na-atụ aro (2 × 2 array) site na iji usoro nhazi nke ọ bụla a tụrụ aro ya na antenna ọzọ nwere akụkụ 1.05λ × 1.05λ × 0.02λ. A na-atụ aro ka ị kpokọta 10 × 10 MM array n'okpuru antenna MIMO dị elu 12mm, nke nwere ike ibelata radieshon azụ ma belata njikọta n'etiti ihe MIMO, si otú ahụ meziwanye uru na ikewapụ. Nsonaazụ nnwale na ịme anwansị na-egosi na ụdị MIMO mepere emepe nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ugboro nke 3.08–7.75 GHz, na-ekpuchi ụdịdị 5G n'okpuru 6 GHz. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, antenna MIMO dabeere na MS nke a na-atụ aro na-eme ka uru ya dịkwuo mma site na 2.9 dBi, na-enweta uru kachasị elu nke 8.3 dBi, ma na-enye oke dịpụrụ adịpụ (> 15.5 dB) n'etiti ihe MIMO, na-akwado ntinye aka nke MS. Na mgbakwunye, antenna MIMO a tụrụ aro nwere oke arụmọrụ zuru oke nke 82% yana anya dị n'etiti ihe dị ala nke 22 mm. Antenna na-egosipụta ọmarịcha arụmọrụ MIMO dị iche iche gụnyere DG dị elu (karịa 9.98 dB), ECC dị obere (ihe na-erughị 0.004) na ụkpụrụ radieshon na-enweghị isi. Nsonaazụ nha yiri rịzọlt simulation. Njirimara ndị a na-akwado na sistemụ antenna MIMO nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ mepere emepe nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ dị mma maka sistemụ nkwukọrịta 5G na mpaghara ugboro sub-6 GHz.
Cowin nwere ike ịnye 400-6000MHz wideband PCB antenna, na nkwado iji chepụta antenna ọhụrụ dịka ihe ị chọrọ, biko kpọtụrụ anyị n'egbughị oge ma ọ bụrụ na ị nwere arịrịọ ọ bụla.